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Sequencing the Human Genome
#1
Launching the project

Sequencing the human genome project was launched in late 1990 in the United States by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy, it was very important project at that time.

Together with several centers around the world (Sanger Centre in Cambridge UK, Whitehead Center, RIKEN genomic center in Japan, the Max Planck Institute in Germany and other smaller centers in the U.S., Germany, France, Canada and China, and Japan), they have established an international consortium of university centers and began the Human Genome Project (HGP) - fifteen-year project to map about 100 000 genes of the human genome and that project worth was $ 3 billion.


The project was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy and the Wellcome Trust in the UK, and most of the research was done in the Sanger Centre in Cambridge, England and the Whitehead Center for Genome Research in the United States.
The main thing that the members of the International Consortium was set up then was sequencing the complete human genome (the process of determining the exact order of 3 billion nucleic bases which build DNA molecule) to 2008 year with the formation of public databases.

To make the data obtained in the most efficiently, the project has required an efficient distribution of information to make them available to researchers as quickly as possible in any point on the planet. Under the plan processed results from all centers that are involved in the project to sequence the genome of every day to will be published in public databases available over the Internet.


This project, although very ambitious, has attracted greater public attention until 1998 when Dr. Craig Vender left and formed a rival consortium of private company Celera Genomics, which has set a goal of sequencing the human genome in 2001.

Human Genome Project vs. Celera

Human Genome Project (HGP) and Celera researchers have used different strategies in their work on project, both during the sampling procedure and in sequence.
Human Genome Project researchers have been working on samples collected from multiple donors, while Celera researchers working on the samples collected from five anonymous donors, representatives of different ethnic groups, African-American, Hispanic, Asian and Caucasian (white).

The procedure sequencing of these two groups was also different between Human Genome Project and Celera. The scientists involved in the Human Genome Project have chosen a slower and more methodical approach. They divided the genome in 22,000 segments, each a debt of 100,000 to 300,000 base and map their exact positions.

These segments were then cloned and several clones encoded by the automated sequencer. The process was repeated several times to ensure accuracy of results.

This technique is more reliable and more able to spot mistakes but it is much slower than the techniques applied by Celera, so that slowness was the biggest flaw of this method.


Celera Genomics company began its project eight years later, when computers became more powerful and their approach was much faster and cheaper.

Scientist Mark Adams has developed an algorithm for the application of new technology sequencing (shotgun technique) and it is the first company used to map the genome of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster).
This method is the compled DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) cloned several times and then divided into 60 segments each measuring million from 2000 to 10,000 bases. Each fragment is encoded for myself and the results are automatically sent to a central computer Celerina. Computer task now was to reconstruct all 60 million decoded fragments of chromosome 23. Since a large part of the genome consists of highly repetitive sequences, this was the most controversial step in the methods of celery because it raised the subject of proper reconstruction and thus the credibility of the calculated data.

Results

Both groups have published the first results in February 2001 by a margin of just one day, it was some kind of race between this two. Human Genome Project has published the results of its journal Nature, Celera Genomics in the journal Science. Made detailed maps of parts of the genome will greatly facilitate further study of DNA. The consortium has announced that 88% of the genome sequenced to an accuracy of 99.99%, and by 2003 it is planned and the remaining portions of the genome sequencing in order to obtain a complete picture.

The question of which data are more accurate? Human Genome Project scientists believe that their information is accurate since the procedures were repeated five times unlike celery, which is a procedure repeated only three times. Representatives of celery of course have a different opinion, they think that even with three repeating thay made better results than Celera with five .

In any case, the fact is that the Celera process was somewhat eased the ability to compare their results with the results available to the public Human Genome Project.At this point the human genetic code is available on the internet. Human Genome Project data have been published publicly and can be used free of charge.

Celera did release some of data to the public, but most of the results are in Celera database for purpose of making profit, making posiblemaintenance requirements of the system, usually drug companies were clients, main clients.

The hardest part is yet to come though. In the final phase, researchers must identify each gene, its position on the chromosome and its function. Genetic sequence at this point is just a set of bare data and requires a lot of work to these genetic databases translate into applicable data.

In any case, the fact that a full understanding of the genetic material will not be possible for decades and when we can expect concrete results it is hard to tell, but predictions are that maybe in next few years there will be huge moves to resolving one of most important scientific secrets. In this moment we can say that both, Human Genom Project and Celera, working with different techniques on this project, made one of most important steps in researching DNA.
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#2
They apply numerous studies to search out out the causes of diseases in soul by finding out numerous varieties of ordination sequencing of skeleton os, plants, Macaca mulatta catarrhine and alternative creatures.The human ordination analogy is hold on on desoxyribonucleic acid. desoxyribonucleic acid has the entire structural data yet as resource, and is employed to spot the characteristics elements, causes of diseases and biological research that is needed for researchers.Genomes and Genetic VariationDNA could be a complete set of resource of human analogy and has different data hold on on that.
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