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What is Functional Genomics?
#1
Whole set of genetic material or genes present in an organism are called as the genome of the organism. Study involving genome of an organism or different genomes of different organisms is termed as genomics. The determination of function of all the genes of a genome of an organism is known as functional genomics. This mainly involves study of location of gene expressions, the functions of the proteins produced and the interactions of corresponding proteins with any other biological molecules.

Expression profiling: The process of determination of the location of expression of each gene and the conditions required for the successful expression of the genes is known as expression profiling. Study of expression patterns of a whole genome of an organism is known as global expression profiling. This can be done by conducting study at either RNA level –involving direct sampling or micro arrays; or at protein level by mass spectrometry or protein arrays. Complete set of RNA molecules produced from the genome of the cell is known as transcriptome. A mature eukaryotic genome is so advanced that it has the capability to produce multiple mRNA from a single gene. The process by which the transcripts produced from genes undergo removal of introns and combining of exons to yield a functional mRNA is known as splicing. In alternative splicing, a single primary transcript RNA is spliced in different patterns. Each pattern of splicing results in different functional mRNA. The expression pattern in different tissues of same eukaryotic organisms differs. Thus, a set of genes expressed in one kind of tissue may not be expressed in some other. This wide study of different expression mechanism in the organism is done by expression profiling and the results are recorded.
Determination of gene function:
In functional genomics, it is important that the function of each and every gene be analysed. Several strategies have been applied for this; the most important one being mutational genomics. In mutational genomics, the function of a single gene can be noted by creating a mutation in the gene leading to loss or disruption of the gene function. The method involves isolating the particular gene, the function of which has to be determined, production of clone of the gene and inducing mutation leading to loss of function. This when re- introduced into the host organism, the loss of function of gene can be noted by analysing the different samples. Thus it has been made possible to analyse the function of each and every gene by inducing mutation to a single gene one at a time. The mutant strains during the experiments are collected to produce mutant genome libraries. One of the different methods adopted for the creation of such libraries are- creation of mutation in a single gene to produce single mutant which can be recorded to form a library. Another method involves induction of random mutations of several genes in a genome. Each mutation is then studied and the mutants are isolated forming the library. This is mostly conducted by insertional mutagenesis where mutation is caused by introduction of DNA into random sites of gene causing loss of function. The introduced DNA also serves as a tag aiding in isolation of specific gene. In yet another approach, the expression of a group of specific or random genes gets mutated in one impact.
Study of protein interactions:
Functional genomics also involves study of products of genes – that is proteins. Different interactions involving different proteins or that involving proteins and other molecules are studied. If behaviour of a protein is unknown, studying the proteins interacting with the corresponding protein reveals the properties of unknown proteins. The technique of protein interactions are studied by high throughput methods. Protein mapping made possible by use of library loaded with protein information, allows studying a large number of proteins at a time by screening methods. Screening of such interactions may be done by in vitro or invivo interactions. The data available from different screening methods are put together to form protein data bases. Different bio informatics tools have been developed to extract information from such data bases as and when necessary.
Thus, different techniques involved in functional genomics enable vast data accumulation, provides insights about the biological mechanisms like differentiation, response to diseases, etc. and has found applications in many fields like drug designing.
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#2
Informative post shared here and helpful for the advance research..
Genomics is the study of genomes of organism.This field includes study of intragenomic phenomenon such as heterosis,epistasis and interaction between loci and allels.This field is concerned with sequencing the genomes of various organism.Sequencing means determining the exact order of the bases in a strand of DNA.Functional genomics is the study of function related aspect such as mutation and polymorphism as well as measurment of molecular activities.
Today,Genome based research is enabling medical researcher to develop more effective diagnostic tool,to understand the health need of people based on their genetic make up,and design new treatments for diseases.
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#3
The study of understanding the function of various genes and other related parts of the genome is known as functional genomics.
To understand the Human Genome at molecular level is just the first step of Human Genome Projects. There are many questions which are still unanswered related to almost 30,000 genes. The research in this is further required to understand the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms also known as SNP’s. Such another unsolved question is complete role of non-coding regions in the genome.
This project Human Genome which is working to understand various functions of genes is also collected data to describe gene or protein functions and their interactions. This study focus on vast concepts of human genomes especially related to transcription, translation and interactions. The first goal of functional genomics is to study the relationship of an organism’s genome and its phenotype. This study is to further expand and develop genomics and proteomic knowledge. The various techniques used in this are Genetic interaction mapping, Microarrays, serial analysis of gene expression that is SAGE, Yeast Two Hybrid, Protein- Protein interaction, Affinity purification, mass spectrometry.
In functional genomics study, the functional annotation for genes is done by methods like Genome annotation, Rosetta stone approach which is a scientific method which employs computers in de novo protein function predictions.
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#4
Such a excellent details here given about functional genomics. It's very useful and interesting information. It represents the use of molecular biology tools to understand the function of genetics determined in sequencing tasks. While sequencing tasks generate fixed results, functional genomics concentrates on powerful factors such as control of gene expression. Functional genomics is a way to test and increase hypotheses that appear from the research of series data.
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#5
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects to describe gene functions and interactions. Unlike genomics, functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription,
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#6
Functional genomics may be defined as determination of the function of a gene product. This includes answers to the questions, how is a gene expressed, how is its product related in sequence and structure to products of other genes of the same organisms, and how does it interact with them? These questions can be answered by studying the following:

(i) When and where particular genes are expressed (expression profiling)
(ii) The functions of specific genes by selectively mutating the desired genes, and
(iii) The interactions that take place among proteins and between proteins and other molecules.

These are the questions that molecular geneticists had been investigating all along. But while they were looking at one gene at a time, functional genomics attempts to examine all the genes present in the genome in one go. Therefore, the techniques used in functional genomics enable high throughput analyses that enable a very rapid accumulation.

1. Expression profiling

2. Transcriptome

The full complement of RNA molecules produced by the genome is, usually, referred to as transcriptome. In case of eukaryotes, a single gene can produce more than one type of mature mRNA by a phenomenon called alternative splicing. In alternative splicing, the splicing occurs in two or more different but well-defined patterns. In each splicing pattern, a defined set of exons in joined together to yield a functional RNA molecule. The net effect of alternative splicing is the generation of a large number of different proteins from a relatively smaller number of genes. If each human gene was alternatively processed to yield an average of 3 proteins, the estimated 35,000 human genes would produce 105,000 different proteins. Thus, the transcriptome is bound to be much more complex, i.e., variable, than the transcribed portion of the genome.
This is because each RNA transcript would generate multiple mRNAs. In addition, none of the tissue of a multicellular organism will express all the genes, and genes expressed in one tissue will differ from those in another tissue. In other words, the transcriptome obtained from one tissue will differ in some respects from that obtained from another tissue. Therefore, it is customary to refer to the transcriptomes as ‘human brain transcriptome’, ‘mouse liver transcriptome’ etc.

3. DNA Arrays

4. Gene Function determination

5. Protein Interactions
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