09-25-2012, 11:50 PM
The modification of genetic information related to well being of life is known as Genetic Engineering. This uses techniques which are helpful in genomic manipulation of organisms. In this method of Genetic Engineering, the gene of interest is introduced into the DNA of organism. This gene of interest may be foreign DNA or Synthetic genes. After this, propagation of the recombinant organism can be done with the help of breeding, which may not need modern technology. This way a population of organisms are developed which are giving desired results with the activation of gene of interest. One best example is Insulin production from bacteria E.coli in which the gene of interest that is the gene responsible for insulin molecule formation are introduced & a required quality and quantity of insulin is produced. This is known as Genetic Engineering.
The organism in which the DNA is modified with the introduction of desired gene is known as genetically modified organism (GMO). In 1973 the first genetically engineered bacteria were successfully developed. The modification of genome of any organism is governed by many regulatory authorities worldwide and there is a strict regulation for the same. The first commercialized bacteria for insulin production were in 1982.
The host genome is used for the introduction of desired genes. This is done at specified or unspecified sites within the genome depending upon the test organism. First of all, the isolation of gene of interest or genetic material is done and the same is copied and amplified using techniques like genetic cloning. This way a genetic material is produced which is capable of expression of desired phenotypes or desired products. This is the inserted into the host DNA. This process uses many enzymes which help in cutting of desired gene and also enzymes which help in ligation or insertion of desired gene into the host genetic material. The gene targeting is another method of genetic engineering.
Today many genetically engineered plants, animals and microorganisms are successfully produced. This helps in making better level of achievements, like useful genetically modified plants are made more resistant to diseases as compared to their wild type. Microorganisms which are producing antibiotics are made capable of giving specific quality as well as required quantity of drugs, animals like goats are used for milks. Today many approved products from genetically engineered animals are used one of such example is the commercial production and sale of anti-thrombin protein which is in the milk of genetically modified goats.
Many a times the introduction of heritable genetic material which is the gene of interest is directly incorporated through technique which is known as micro-injection, encapsulation and macro injections. The indirect method is done with the help of vector which is compatible with host genetic material and helps in introduction of desired gene into the DNA of host. The vectors play a role of vehicle for the same. Such vectors are known as plasmids.
There is different terminology for the organism’s undergone genetic engineering; this depends on the species types. If the genetic material is introduced into the host from another species which is not related, the resulting (GMO) organisms are known as transgenic. When the genetic material is introduced into the host from the same species which are able to breed naturally, then such GMO are known as cisgenic. One such terminology is gene knockout; it refers to the organism from which the genetic material is removed to give desired results. The natural changes in the genetic material of the organism due to the impact from environment, or mutagenic agents or any such other factor is known as mutation. Mutation had helped many organisms to survive during the course of evolution. This happened with changes in the genotype and concurrent changes in phenotypes which helped them to adapt to the extreme situations like competition, less availability of food, extreme environmental changes or conditions like high temperature etc.
Today with the development of technology and science, many genetically modified plants, microorganisms, and animals are being used successfully all over the world. There are many of such examples. The tobacco, much vegetable plant which was genetically modified were resistant to herbicides. Few such plants are completely resistant to harmful endemic bacteria and viruses. Many genetically modified bacteria are today used to produce high quality medicinal drugs; many of them are life saving antibiotics. With the further development of science man is achieving new heights, most recently that is in 2010 scientist from J Craig Venter Institute had synthesized first genome of bacteria and had introduced it into the cell without DNA and the outcome was the bacteria named Synthia. Synthia means synthetic life (first of its type in the world).
The organism in which the DNA is modified with the introduction of desired gene is known as genetically modified organism (GMO). In 1973 the first genetically engineered bacteria were successfully developed. The modification of genome of any organism is governed by many regulatory authorities worldwide and there is a strict regulation for the same. The first commercialized bacteria for insulin production were in 1982.
The host genome is used for the introduction of desired genes. This is done at specified or unspecified sites within the genome depending upon the test organism. First of all, the isolation of gene of interest or genetic material is done and the same is copied and amplified using techniques like genetic cloning. This way a genetic material is produced which is capable of expression of desired phenotypes or desired products. This is the inserted into the host DNA. This process uses many enzymes which help in cutting of desired gene and also enzymes which help in ligation or insertion of desired gene into the host genetic material. The gene targeting is another method of genetic engineering.
Today many genetically engineered plants, animals and microorganisms are successfully produced. This helps in making better level of achievements, like useful genetically modified plants are made more resistant to diseases as compared to their wild type. Microorganisms which are producing antibiotics are made capable of giving specific quality as well as required quantity of drugs, animals like goats are used for milks. Today many approved products from genetically engineered animals are used one of such example is the commercial production and sale of anti-thrombin protein which is in the milk of genetically modified goats.
Many a times the introduction of heritable genetic material which is the gene of interest is directly incorporated through technique which is known as micro-injection, encapsulation and macro injections. The indirect method is done with the help of vector which is compatible with host genetic material and helps in introduction of desired gene into the DNA of host. The vectors play a role of vehicle for the same. Such vectors are known as plasmids.
There is different terminology for the organism’s undergone genetic engineering; this depends on the species types. If the genetic material is introduced into the host from another species which is not related, the resulting (GMO) organisms are known as transgenic. When the genetic material is introduced into the host from the same species which are able to breed naturally, then such GMO are known as cisgenic. One such terminology is gene knockout; it refers to the organism from which the genetic material is removed to give desired results. The natural changes in the genetic material of the organism due to the impact from environment, or mutagenic agents or any such other factor is known as mutation. Mutation had helped many organisms to survive during the course of evolution. This happened with changes in the genotype and concurrent changes in phenotypes which helped them to adapt to the extreme situations like competition, less availability of food, extreme environmental changes or conditions like high temperature etc.
Today with the development of technology and science, many genetically modified plants, microorganisms, and animals are being used successfully all over the world. There are many of such examples. The tobacco, much vegetable plant which was genetically modified were resistant to herbicides. Few such plants are completely resistant to harmful endemic bacteria and viruses. Many genetically modified bacteria are today used to produce high quality medicinal drugs; many of them are life saving antibiotics. With the further development of science man is achieving new heights, most recently that is in 2010 scientist from J Craig Venter Institute had synthesized first genome of bacteria and had introduced it into the cell without DNA and the outcome was the bacteria named Synthia. Synthia means synthetic life (first of its type in the world).